Sculpture is one of the oldest forms of visual art, dating back tens of thousands of years. It involves the creation of three-dimensional artworks by shaping materials like stone, metal, wood, or clay. Sculpture's evolution reflects human history, from spiritual and ceremonial purposes to personal and political expression. Each era brought new innovations, making it a dynamic and enduring art form.

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Ancient Civilizations
Mesopotamia (c. 3000 BC):

Sculptures were mostly religious, with figures of deities and rulers.
Notable works include statues of Gudea and the Stele of Hammurabi.
Egyptian Sculpture (c. 3000–30 BC):

Renowned for colossal statues and intricate carvings.
The Great Sphinx and statues of pharaohs like Ramses II symbolize power and divinity.
Greek Sculpture (c. 800–100 BC):

Transitioned from rigid forms (Archaic period) to naturalism (Classical and Hellenistic periods).
Masterpieces like the Discobolus by Myron and the Venus de Milo reflect ideals of beauty and proportion.
Roman Sculpture (c. 500 BC–476 AC):

Heavily influenced by Greek art but focused on realism.
Portraiture, such as busts of emperors, emphasized individual character.
Medieval Sculpture (c. 500–1400)
Dominated by religious themes, reflecting Christian and Islamic traditions.
Gothic cathedrals, such as Notre Dame, feature intricate stone carvings, gargoyles, and reliefs.
Renaissance Sculpture (c. 1400–1600)
A revival of classical ideals in Europe.
Artists like Michelangelo redefined sculpture with works like the David and Pietà, emphasizing human anatomy and emotion.
Donatello’s bronze David was a landmark in using perspective and contrapposto.
Baroque and Rococo (17th–18th Century)
Baroque sculptures, like Bernini’s Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, were dramatic and theatrical.
Rococo favored ornate, playful designs in smaller-scale works.
Modern Sculpture (19th–20th Century)
Romanticism and Realism:
Focused on individuality and realism, exemplified by Auguste Rodin’s The Thinker.
Modern Movements:
Artists like Brancusi, Picasso, and Henry Moore explored abstraction.
Materials expanded to include metal, glass, and industrial materials.
Kinetic and Conceptual Sculpture:
Alexander Calder introduced mobiles, blending motion and sculpture.
Duchamp’s readymades (e.g., Fountain) challenged traditional notions of art.
Contemporary Sculpture:
Embraces diverse materials and techniques, including digital fabrication.
Public art installations and environmental sculptures are significant trends.
Notable artists include Anish Kapoor, Ai Weiwei, and Louise Bourgeois.